莎士比亚的《十四行诗集》共收录了154首诗(大概写于1592年至1598年),于1609年首次出版。该诗集分为两部分,前126首写给一位美貌的少年贵族(Fair Youth),后28首(第127至154首)则写给一位黑发和深色肌肤的女郎(Dark Lady)。最有名的情诗如第18首《我可否将你比作一个夏日》(Shall I compare thee to a summer\'s day),第73首《 在我身上你可看到时光流逝》 (That time of year thou mayst in me behold),和第116首《我决不令真正灵魂的结合受到阻碍》 (Let me not to the marriage of true minds),均出自于前一部分。(是的,莎士比亚最著名和最动人的情诗都是写给一个年轻美丽的男人的。)
《十四行诗集》题词献给一位“W.H.先生”。对于这位先生的真实身份历来众说纷纭,颇有争议,主流观点认为W.H.先生是指南安普顿伯爵Henry Wriothesley(他的名字缩写反过来即W.H.),也即第一部分诗里的爱恋对象“美丽少年”(Fair Youth)。伯爵是莎士比亚早年(在其通过写作和剧团工作发迹之前)的密友和赞助人。他少年时容貌秀丽异常,颇合Fair Youth的形象(与莎士比亚相识时伯爵17岁,十四行诗集则写于他19至25岁之间);两人的年龄差距也符合诗作里的描述(伯爵比莎士比亚小近十岁;《十四行诗集》里有多处提到诗人在“美丽少年”面前因对方年少美貌,自觉年纪太大而自惭形秽)。在《十四行诗集》之前,莎士比亚曾将两部长诗明确题词献给他,第一次的献词中规中矩,第二次的献词却极尽夸张热烈:“我献给大人的爱没有止境……我做的一切都是你的,我将要做的一切都是你的;你是我所有一切的一部分,献给你的(挚爱你的)。”(The love I dedicate to your lordship is without end ... What I have done is yours; what I have to do is yours; being part in all I have, devoted yours.) 作为回报,伯爵在莎士比亚经济困窘的早期生涯里予其慷慨资助,供养其写作。有传闻说伯爵在听说后者中意一处房子后,曾一次性给他五千英镑(按购买力折算相当于2010年的13-14万英镑)。在《十四行诗集》里有多处提及这位“美丽少年”对诗人的重要支持,可能并不仅仅是精神上也有经济上的;又有好几首诗里表达了对于少年可能移爱于另一位竞争者诗人(Rival Poet)的担心或抱怨(但这种抱怨表达得十分巧妙,充满百转千回的幽怨和柔情)。
Fair Youth在诗作中的形象是美貌出众,任性自专,受许多人爱慕,对诗人若即若离,令后者饱尝痛苦。写给他的那些诗里流露的感情是如此强烈,表达得又是如此动人,完全成就了诗人在诗里反复表达的一个主题:要用自己的诗作令爱人得以不朽。“只要这世上还有人在呼吸,还有眼睛可以看见,只要有人活着,就有人会读这些诗,你便在我的诗里永生。”(So long as men can breathe or eyes can see; So long as lives this, and this gives life to thee.——出自《我可否将你比作一个夏日》的最末两句。) ——这话换了另一个人说出来就是狂妄可笑,但莎士比亚(迄今为止)确实是做到了。
Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments. Love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, or bends with the remover to remove: O no; it is an ever-fixed mark, That looks on tempests, and is never shaken; It is the star to every wandering bark, Whose worth\'s unknown, although his height be taken. Love\'s not Time\'s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickle\'s compass come; Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom. If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
其中第一/二行“我决不令真正的精神/灵魂的结合(结婚)受到阻碍”(Let me not to the marriage of true minds admit impediments)非常难以翻译,除了文中提到的minds的多重含义以外,这句话里提及的“结婚”和“阻碍”源自于英国的结婚仪式,在宣布两人成为眷属前照例先要问一下在场众人:“如果在场有人知道有合理的理由或阻碍(impediment),认为他两个不能缔结神圣婚姻的,则现在说出来,否则当永远闭口。”(If any person here knows of any just cause or impediment why these two should not be joined together in holy matrimony, let them speak now or forever hold their peace.) ——对于没有这个婚俗的其他地方,简直没可能翻译出原句的意思。
第七行的“每一艘漂泊/迷航之船的指引之星”(the star to every wandering bark)中的‘the star’是指北极星(Polaris = guiding star),中文译本里一般都译作“恒星”或“星斗”未免不够准确。意大利文译本里则直接译出了 “指引之星”的意思(è la stella-guida di ogni sperduta barca)。
So are you to my thoughts as food to life, Or as sweet-season\'d showers are to the ground; And for the peace of you I hold such strife As \'twixt a miser and his wealth is found; Now proud as an enjoyer and anon Doubting the filching age will steal his treasure, Now counting best to be with you alone, Then better\'d that the world may see my pleasure; Sometime all full with feasting on your sight And by and by clean starved for a look; Possessing or pursuing no delight, Save what is had or must from you be took. Thus do I pine and surfeit day by day, Or gluttoning on all, or all away.
O thou, my lovely boy, who in thy power Dost hold Time's fickle glass, his sickle, hour; Who hast by waning grown, and therein show'st Thy lovers withering as thy sweet self grow'st; If Nature, sovereign mistress over wrack, As thou goest onwards, still will pluck thee back, She keeps thee to this purpose, that her skill May time disgrace and wretched minutes kill. Yet fear her, O thou minion of her pleasure; She may detain, but not still keep, her treasure: Her audit, though delay\'d, answer\'d must be, And her quietus is to render thee.
Then hate me when thou wilt; if ever, now; Now, while the world is bent my deeds to cross, Join with the spite of fortune, make me bow, And do not drop in for an after-loss: Ah, do not, when my heart hath \'scoped this sorrow, Come in the rearward of a conquer\'d woe; Give not a windy night a rainy morrow, To linger out a purposed overthrow. If thou wilt leave me, do not leave me last, When other petty griefs have done their spite But in the onset come; so shall I taste At first the very worst of fortune\'s might, And other strains of woe, which now seem woe, Compared with loss of thee will not seem so.